Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product produced during the wet process of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production from natural phosphate rocks. Approximately 4–6 tons of PG is produced per ton of phosphoric acid production, where worldwide PG generation exceeds 300 million tons annually. The vast majority of produced PG is discarded …
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product produced during the wet process of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production from natural phosphate rocks. Approximately 4–6 tons of PG is produced per ton of ...
The addition of phosphogypsum and superphosphate drastically reduced CH4 emissions (by 85.8% and 80.5%, respectively) and decreased NH3 emissions (by 23.5% and 18.9%, respectively).
Phosphogypsum is usually a yellowish-white, light greyish-white or dark grey fine powdery solid. The main component of PG is CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, which accounts for more than 90% of its total composition. In addition, PG contains phosphorus, fluorine, organic matters and other impurities (e.g. heavy metal elements and nuclides) (Rashad, …
This report is addressing rapidly changing scientific, regulatory and policy perspectives concerning phosphogypsum (PG) management and use worldwide. It has been authored and reviewed by many of the world's top experts on PG from academia, international agencies and representatives of IFA's own member companies. The report …
As a result, domestically produced phosphogypsum is stored in "stacks" all over the country – massive containment ponds where phosphogypsum is indefinitely piled. The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) estimates that each year, 40 million tons of the waste are added to stacks in the US, and about 90 million tons annually outside ...
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a solid waste (a byproduct of the "wet process" phosphoric acid production) in the phosphate fertilizer industry which is environmentally harmful. The thermal decomposition of PG to recycle the sulfur source and produce cement is a proper way for the utilization of PG. In the previous work of our group, the initial …
We can compare each country's total contribution to global emissions by looking at cumulative CO 2. We can calculate cumulative emissions by adding up each country's annual CO 2 emissions over time. We did this calculation for each region and the largest CO 2 emitters over the period from 1751 through to 2017. 3
The addition of phosphogypsum and superphosphate drastically reduced CH4 emissions (by 85.8% and 80.5%, respectively) and decreased NH3 emissions (by 23.5% and 18.9%, respectively).
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The problem of recycling and storage of phosphogypsum is topical for many countries around the world, as it is associated with environmental problems of pollution …
Phosphogypsum (PG) waste is a by-product generated from wet-process phosphoric acid (H3PO4) manufacturing during phosphate rock decomposition. Worldwide, the annual production of PG ranges between 100 and 300 million tons, with only a few quantities utilized in several application domains (about 15%), the unused PG is usually …
The regulations require that phosphogypsum be managed in engineered stacks, which are designed to limit public exposure from emissions of radon and other radionuclides. Owners and operators must monitor and report radon emissions from inactive stacks and take measures to keep radon emissions within the regulatory limit …
Subpart R: National Emission Standards for Radon Emissions from Phosphogypsum Stacks This webpage has information about 40 CFR Part 61, Subpart R, a rule that protects people and the environment from the radon given off by phosphogypsum stacks. The States. Some states have worked with the EPA to write …
The combination of dicyandiamide and phosphogypsum exhibits the most pronounced emission reduction effect, simultaneously decreasing the NH 3, CH 4, and N 2 O emissions by 18.28%, 38.58%, and 36.14%, respectively. The temperature and C/N content of the compost were significantly positively correlated with greenhouse gas …
This study investigated the effects of phosphogypsum, superphosphate, and dicyandiamide on gaseous emission and compost quality during sewage sludge composting. Results showed that phosphogypsum reduced ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) emissions but increased nitrous oxide (N …
A laboratory scale experiment of composting in a forced aeration system using pig manure with cornstalks was carried out to investigate the effects of both phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide (DCD, C 2 H 4 N 4) as additives on gaseous emissions and compost quality.Besides a control, there were three amended …
Phosphogypsum may be removed from a phosphogypsum stack only as expressly provided in this Subpart. After a phosphogypsum stack has become an inactive stack, i.e., no further routine additions of phosphogypsum will be made, the owner or operator shall assure that the stack does not emit more than 20 picocuries per meter per …
The paper aims to clarify the regulation mechanism of sulfur migration and transformation in a low water-binder ratio system incorporating phosphogypsum aggregate (LWC-PG). Firstly, the combination of S-containing adhesive material and phosphate gypsum aggregate can reduce the migration of sulfate ions (SO 4 2−) in the phosphate …
The PG production in a country commonly correlates with its phosphoric acid production, and thus with its number of phosphate deposits. In 2012, around 250 million …
The addition of phosphogypsum affected the emissions of both NH 3 and CH 4 during composting. Lower NH 3 emissions and higher NH + 4 content were detected in the treatments with phosphogypsum additives than in the control. There was a significant decrease in CH 4 emissions with phosphogypsum addition rate at 5% and …
Phosphogypsum is a by-product from the production of phosphoric acid. In this process, the raw phosphate is treated by sulfuric acid and, besides the main product which is phosphoric acid (H3PO4), gypsum and a small quantity of hydrofluoric acid are obtained. For every tonne of phosphoric acid made, about three tonnes of phosphogypsum …
The main mineral phase of the raw phosphogypsum was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. As shown in Fig. 2 b, the XRD results confirmed that the mainly composed of phosphogypsum is calcium sulfate CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O The major peaks of CaSO 4 was identified at 11.71°, 20.80°, 23.44° and 29.16°, while some minor peaks …
Phosphogypsum contains radium, which decays to form radon gas. Both radium and radon are radioactive and can cause cancer. The Clean Air Act regulations require that phosphogypsum be managed in engineered stacks to limit public exposure …
Phosphogypsum Stacks." The rule limits radon emissions from phosphogypsum stacks and requires disposal of phosphogypsum in stacks or piles, with exceptions for agricultural and research uses and other uses on a case-by-case basis. Applying to EPA for Approval of Other Uses of Phosphogypsum: Submitting a Complete Petition 1.0 Introduction
Industrial wastes: Fly ash, steel slag and phosphogypsum- potential candidates to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields Chemosphere. 2020 Feb;241:124824. doi: ... associated with the application of FA, SS, and PG onto the paddy fields and their impacts on methane and nitrous oxide emissions are highly fragmented …
Phosphogypsum has minimal recycling utility due to its contaminants including cadmium, uranium, and other radionuclides. The USA's phosphogypsum waste is held …
PG, discharged into the sea, watercourses or in wilderness stocks, contains toxic elements harmful to ecosystems and human health, including heavy metals and radionuclides, and there is therefore a …
Phosphogypsum is the most signicant industrial solid waste in the world. Phosphogypsum has a complex composition and ... greenhouse gas emissions from the composting process. Therefore, soil application of PG can contribute to the global ... Country PG production (t/year) References China 70,000,000 Zeng et al. (2021) Brazil …
Phosphogypsum is the most significant industrial solid waste in the world. Phosphogypsum has a complex composition and its traditional storage methods occupy large areas of land and also damage the environment. Currently, phosphogypsum is mainly used for the direct preparation of construction materials and chemical auxiliary …
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